Biography of Charles Darwin, 19th Century Naturalist

Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809–April 19, 1882) was a naturalist who originated the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin holds a unique place in history as the foremost proponent of this theory. While he lived a relatively quiet and studious life, his writings were controversial in their day and still routinely spark controversy. As an educated young man, he embarked on an astounding voyage of discovery aboard a Royal Navy ship. Strange animals and plants he saw in remote places inspired his deep thinking about how life might have developed. And when he published his masterpiece, On the Origin of Species, he profoundly shook up the scientific world. Darwins influence on modern science is impossible to overstate. Fast Facts: Charles Darwin Known For: Originating the theory of evolution through natural selectionBorn: February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandParents: Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah WedgwoodDied: April 19, 1882 in Downe, Kent, EnglandEducation: Edinburgh University, Scotland, Cambridge University, EnglandPublished Works: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural SelectionAwards and Honors:  Royal Medal, Wallaston Medal, Copley Medal (all for outstanding achievements in the sciences)Spouse: Emma WedgwoodChildren: William Erasmus Darwin, Anne Elizabeth Darwin, Mary Eleanor Darwin, Henrietta Emma Darwin, George Howard Darwin, Elizabeth Darwin, Francis Darwin, Leonard Darwin, Horace Darwin, Charles Waring Darwin Notable Quote: â€Å"In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment.† Early Life Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. His father was a medical doctor, and his mother was the daughter of the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood. Darwin’s mother died when he was 8, and he was essentially raised by his older sisters. He was not a brilliant student as a child, but he went on to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland, at first intending to become a doctor. Darwin took a strong dislike to medical education and eventually studied at Cambridge. He planned to become an Anglican minister before becoming intensely interested in botany. He received a degree in 1831. Voyage of the Beagle On the recommendation of a college professor, Darwin was accepted to travel on the second voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle. The ship was embarking on a scientific expedition to South America and islands of the South Pacific, leaving in late December 1831. The Beagle returned to England nearly five years later, in October 1836. Darwins position on the ship was peculiar. A former captain of the vessel had become despondent during a long scientific voyage because, it was assumed, he had no intelligent person to converse with while at sea. The British Admiralty thought sending an intelligent young gentleman along on a voyage would serve a combined purpose: he could study and make records of discoveries while also providing intelligent companionship for the captain. Darwin was chosen to go aboard. Darwin spent more than 500 days at sea and about 1,200 days on land during the trip. He studied plants, animals, fossils, and geological formations and wrote his observations in a series of notebooks. During long periods at sea, he organized his notes. In the Galapagos The Beagle spent about five weeks in the Galapagos Islands. During that time, Darwin made a series of observations that had a significant impact on his new theories about natural selection. He was particularly intrigued by his discovery of major differences between species on different islands. He wrote: The distribution of tenants of this archipelago would not be nearly so wonderful if, for instance, one island has a mocking-thrush and a second island some other quite distinct species... But it is the circumstance that several of the islands possess their own species of tortoise, mocking-thrush, finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general habits, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that strikes me with wonder. Darwin visited four of the Galapagos Islands, including Chatham Island (now San Cristobal), Charles (now Floreana), Albemarle, and James (now Santiago). He spent much of his time sketching, collecting specimens, and observing animals and their behavior. His discoveries would change the scientific world and rock the foundations of Western religion. Early Writings Three years after returning to England, Darwin published the Journal of Researches, an account of his observations during the expedition aboard the Beagle. The book was an entertaining account of Darwins scientific travels and was popular enough to be published in successive editions. Darwin also edited five volumes titled Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, which contained contributions by other scientists. Darwin himself wrote sections dealing with the distribution of animal species and geological notes on fossils he had seen. Development of Darwins Thinking The voyage on the Beagle was, of course, a highly significant event in Darwin’s life, but his observations on the expedition were hardly the only influence on the development of his theory of natural selection. He was also greatly influenced by what he was reading. In 1838 Darwin read an Essay on the Principle of Population, which the British philosopher Thomas Malthus had written 40 years earlier. The ideas of Malthus helped Darwin refine his own notion of â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwins Ideas of Natural Selection Malthus had been writing about overpopulation and discussed how some members of society were able to survive difficult living conditions. After reading Malthus, Darwin kept collecting scientific samples and data, eventually spending 20 years refining his own thoughts on natural selection. Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839. Illness prompted him to move from London to the country in 1842. His scientific studies continued, and he spent years studying various lifeforms to better understand their evolutionary processes. Publication of His Masterpiece Darwin’s reputation as a naturalist and geologist had grown throughout the 1840s and 1850s, yet he had not revealed his ideas about natural selection widely. Friends urged him to publish them in the late 1850s; it was the publication of an essay by Alfred Russell Wallace expressing similar thoughts that encouraged Darwin to write a book setting out his own ideas. In July 1858, Darwin and Wallace appeared together at the Linnean Society of London. And in November 1859, Darwin published the book that secured his place in history: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection. Death On the Origin of Species was published in several editions, with Darwin periodically editing and updating material in the book. And while society debated Darwins work, he lived a quiet life in the English countryside, content to conduct botanical experiments. He was highly respected, regarded as a grand old man of science. He died on April 19, 1882, and was honored by being buried at Westminster Abbey in London. Legacy Charles Darwin was not the first person to propose that plants and animals adapt to circumstances and evolve over eons of time. But Darwins book put forth his hypothesis in an accessible format and led to controversy. Darwins theories had an almost immediate impact on religion, science, and society at large. Sources â€Å"Charles Darwin: Gentleman Naturalist.† Darwin Online.Desmond, Adrian J. â€Å"Charles Darwin.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.Liu, Joseph, and Joseph Liu. â€Å"Darwin and His Theory of Evolution.† Pew Research Centers Religion Public Life Project, 19 Mar. 2014.

Gender, Social Class, And Race Sociologists Use A...

Growing up, almost every parent will tell you, â€Å"you can be anything you set your mind to!† or â€Å"the possibilities are endless†. But from an early childhood my parents were creating an opportunity structure for my life. Through my 20 years, how I was taught, the places I went to, the people I interacted with and the implications of society and societal norms followed me. As with many other families, my parents focused on setting me up for the best possible future. But little did they know, they were contributing to a society where some people are allotted more privileges and opportunities than others. I will attempt to deconstruct this complex social construction by looking at gender, social class, family influences, race, and socialization; which will be discussed in greater detail further along. When analyzing sociological concepts like gender, social class, and race sociologists use a â€Å"sociological lens†. Using a sociological lens will allow me to take the experiences I had and look at them on a broader cultural level. Ultimately sociologists use sociological lenses to better understand how personal experiences not only impact 1 person but how they can be applied in a broader context, allowing individuals to relate to others in society who may have had similar experiences. Growing up, my childhood was â€Å"easy† my family had enough money that we never had to worry about anything. My father was a self-made man who created his own carpentry business at 18 years of age andShow MoreRelatedA Sociological Issue On South Africa1799 Words   |  8 PagesSouth Africa race took a shift from biology to culture. Because is of its many diverse indigenous groups, race was no longer a difference between Afrikaners and the English but with Zulus, Xhosa and Tswanas. Language was used as a determinant of race. 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Consumer Electronics Communications Network -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumer Electronics Communications And Networks? Answer: Introduction In this era of globalization technology has emerged as a core function. In simple terms, Internet of Things can be defined as the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data. IOT is like a package where all the things at the home are connected with each other and communicate to make your experiment more fulfilling. When Philips says, itslightingssystems will control lights based on the movies and TV channels, it is important that TV is also smart and integrated with Light systems only then it will control the lights based on the movies. These televisions will even allow you to receive your calls on mobile phones when you are not able to found your mobile phone at home and it is ringing (Feki Kawsar, 2013).However, this technology is not yet mature and has lot of unanswered questions that is delaying the pace of its full fledge adoption. The main benefit with the use of Internet of Things is efficiency. Ho wever, there are issues of security, privacy, connectivity, etc. that should be resolved. The objective of this report is to discuss the Internet of Things in my home dwelling. This report is based on the eight key devices in my home setting. The diagrammatic representation of Internet of Things infrastructure in my home setting can be shown as: Description of Devices Amazon Echo is the smart speaker that can understand voiced controlled signal. Not only this, this is also capable of telling weather forecasts, reading audio books, give news, can message or call anyone. It is integrated with Uber, Dominos (Guarda Leon, 2017). It can also integrate with Fans, thermostats, locks, water sprinklers, Philips Hue, Samsung smart devices, Google apps. Air purification and thermostat I have a Honeywell thermostat that I used to keep the temperature controlled. It will also detect the quality of air and purifies it from time to time. Also, areas that are not used or room not occupied with any occupants will not be heated or cooled Water Sprinkler I used a Finolex water sprinkler. What more is that that product uses forecasts, humidity, precipitations, sun exposure into accounts before watering the right amount of water and thus can save the water and water bills. Also, this product integrates well with most of the Google, Nest and Amazon products. IOT microwave I have a Samsung microwave that has all the common features and modes like induction, convection, etc. One other feature is that one can just scan the QR code of the food item and put in the microwave and microwave will take rest of the instructions itself by connecting to the Internet. Another interesting feature is it can send you message as well as capable of sending tweet when the product is ready to be served (Hassanalieragh Page, 2015). Lighting System I have Philips smart light system that can be controlled with a mobile application. Apart from it, based on the lights from natural sources or other sources not connected from internet, these devices can adjust their intensity resulting in power saving. Also, these lights are very smart and provide you with different color combinations experiences and you must input your mood into the app. Smart Toothbrushes There is technology even built in the toothbrushes and these smart tooth brushes are capable of telling your performance about brushing on your mobile phone whether you did enough and cover all the areas of your mouth or if there is any neglected area. These brushed are also capable of doing a basic dental health check if any tooth is having plaque or notify in case of any issues (Roman Zhou, 2013). This timely reporting of problems can save from complete dental treatments. IOT Watch I have Apple watch. It is one of the example of wearing technology using which you can make calls, read your messages and many more. They are also fitness devices built in them that can constantly monitor your blood oxygen levels, blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and provide you a lot of information about your workout (Swan, 2012). Smart Lock System The issues associated with each of the device can be discussed as: Amazon Echo Issues Comments Usage There could be a usage issue when any update comes in. Amazon Echo can have new software update that the user may not be aware of (Gubbi Buyya, 2013). Control There could be control issue for the users who do not have any specific profile created for the use of the product. Connectivity There could be connectivity issues only in the cases when Internet is not good as availability of high speed Internet is a pre-requisite for device to work (Ortiz Hussein, 2014). Security There could be security issue if the software of Amazon Echo is not up to date Privacy There could be privacy issue as the use of Amazon Echo needs access to certain personal information. Thermostat Issues Comments Usage There is not much of the usage issue as it is very easy to operate thermostat Control There could be control issue if the thermostat is not able to work in an automated manner. Connectivity There could be connectivity issues only in the cases when Internet is not good as availability of high speed Internet is a pre-requisite for device to work (Diaz Martin, 2016). Security There could be security issue if the application for thermostat is not updated (Singh Tripathi, 2014). Privacy There could be privacy issue only for the users who have developed their profile for the use of thermostat Water Sprinkler Issues Comments Usage There could be a usage issue as I would often set the timer in the sprinkler. There could be usage issue if automated timer is not working Control There could be control issue for the users who do not have any specific profile created for the use of the product (Miorandi Sicari, 2012). Connectivity There could be connectivity issues if Internet is not adequate. However, the good thing with this device is that it needs less Internet bandwidth Security There is not much of the data security issue as there is no need to store the data in the database of sprinkler Privacy There is not much of the data privacy issue as there is no need to store the data in the database of sprinkler Microwave Issues Comments Usage There is not much of the usage issue as the user interface does not change Control There is not any serious control issue as such Connectivity There are not much of connectivity issues as Microwave can be operated manually without any Internet also. Security There could be data security issue only for the users who have created the profile Privacy There could be privacy issue only when the stored data is leaked Lighting System Issues Comments Usage The smart lighting systems are probably easiest to use without any usage issue. Control It is relatively easy to control the smart light system Connectivity The connection to light system requires less Internet bandwidth Security There could be security issue if the mobile application is not updated Privacy There could be privacy issue only when different family members have different profiles to control the light system (Jia Feng, 2012) Smart Toothbrush Issues Comments Usage It is possibly the easiest of all the devices and does not have much of the usage issues. Control Not much of control issues either Connectivity The good thing with this device is that it can be used manual also. Security Not much of the security issue Privacy Not much of the privacy issues Smart Watch Issues Comments Usage There could serious usage issues if the device is lost and gets in the hand fo some hacker Control Not much of control issues on smart watch (Stankovic, 2014). However, it is important that user should be educated with all the functions. Connectivity Yes, due to dependency on Internet Security Yes because of mobile app vulnerability Privacy Yes is user has created a profile Lock System Issues Comments Usage There can be usage issue if the app is not updated and different users try to access to lock system at the same time Control There can be control issues if different users try to control the lock system at the same time Connectivity Yes, due to dependency on Internet (Borgia, 2014). Security Yes because of mobile app vulnerability Privacy Yes, if user has created a profile Solutions to the issues With technology, there are certain solutions to the above problems. The first and the very basic common solution to above problems is that the mobile application that governs these devices should be updated. There could be mobile application on Android or iOS. It is recommended that the application should be updated so that the chances of vulnerability is minimized. The second basic solution is the use of password. It is suggested that users should have strong passwords to protect the respective apps. In fact, one of the advancements in technology is to go beyond the normal passwords and use the human touch points like finger points for access control. The way IOT devices work is that they will constantly watch for instructions from the other connected devices. Even if one wrong device used by the attacker in the system has the potential of causing damage to all the other devices. Therefore, it is important that the application and interface of all the mobile application should be pr otected separately. References Borgia, E. (2014). The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues.Computer Communications,54, 1-31. Diaz, M., Martn, C., Rubio, B. (2016). State-of-the-art, challenges, and open issues in the integration of Internet of things and cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,67, 99-117. Feki, M. A., Kawsar, F., Boussard, M., Trappeniers, L. (2013). The internet of things: the next technological revolution.Computer,46(2), 24-25. Guarda, T., Leon, M., Augusto, M. F., Haz, L., de la Cruz, M., Orozco, W., Alvarez, J. (2017, June). Internet of Things challenges. InInformation Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 2017 12th Iberian Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Hassanalieragh, M., Page, A., Soyata, T., Sharma, G., Aktas, M., Mateos, G., ... Andreescu, S. (2015, June). Health monitoring and management using Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing with cloud-based processing: Opportunities and challenges. InServices Computing (SCC), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 285-292). IEEE. Jia, X., Feng, Q., Fan, T., Lei, Q. (2012, April). RFID technology and its applications in Internet of Things (IoT). InConsumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), 2012 2nd International Conference on(pp. 1282-1285). IEEE. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges.Ad Hoc Networks,10(7), 1497-1516. Ortiz, A. M., Hussein, D., Park, S., Han, S. N., Crespi, N. (2014). The cluster between internet of things and social networks: Review and research challenges.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,1(3), 206-215. Roman, R., Zhou, J., Lopez, J. (2013). On the features and challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet of things.Computer Networks,57(10), 2266-2279. Singh, D., Tripathi, G., Jara, A. J. (2014, March). A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future vision, architecture, challenges and services. InInternet of things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE world forum on(pp. 287-292). IEEE. Stankovic, J. A. (2014). Research directions for the internet of things.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,1(1), 3-9

The Constitution And Who It Belongs To Essays - James Madison

The Constitution and who it belongs To When Thomas Jefferson signed the Constitution, there was a big reason why he believed it would endure. Having written the Declaration of Independence based on John Locke's ideas, as well as playing a large role in the Congress and being President, Jefferson had good faith in the constitution's structure, the beliefs it was based on, and the people that would help to back it up. In writing the doctrine, the founding fathers knew that it must stabilize the current disunity that had been plaguing the nation since the end of the War, but at the same time not become outdated or too unrealistic. Thus, one of the methods used to achieve this was the poetic opening, the preamble. By stating what the constitution was intended to do, it can remain an important part of government. In order to form a more perfect union reminds us to never settle for less, to strive to be the best in the world. Establish justice, that no one person can be denied a fair trial, and to carry out justice to the furthest extent of the law. Insure domestic tranquility, that the nation will be at peace w/one another, unlike during the Articles of Federation. The list goes on. To further insure it's durability, the Bill of Rights was written. Also known as the first 10 amendments, these are believed to be god given rights, that no one w/the exception of almighty god himself can deny a man. This way, we can insure the states will never suffer again under a tyrant like Britain. Because of this, the citizens can have faith in the government and the people who carry out the law. But perhaps the best test of the Constitution has been the tests of time itself. Unbiased, and never stopping or slowing down for anyone or any reason, the articles were tested when Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were impeached. When it was discovered Nixon had known about the Watergate break in, and was covering it up, eventually forcing his resignation. When Robert Ford pardoned him. When the 11 southern states seceded and forced a bitter civil war of friend against friend, brother against brother. When slavery was finally abolished. And not to mention 4 presidential assassinations. The Constitution endures because of it's structure. It 's ability to serve the majority of the nation, but at the same time not to trample the rights of the minority. It's ability to be amended when needed, and stand strong when tested. It's careful system of checks and balances, making sure that no one branch becomes to strong, and wields unstoppable power. The fact that each person, including the president himself must answer for their actions. The careful seperation of powers. These, as well as the brave men and women who dedicate their lives to carry out and protect the Constitution. The men and women who serve in the military, ready to fight and give their lives to protect our nation and right to believe in god. The countless brave young men who have already died in the battlefield, some never knowing what's it like to graduate from college, to marry and raise a family, or to see their sports team win a championship. This is what makes America such a great country, a proud nation, and why as long as time endures, the constitution will endure. John Locke would be proud. Bibliography The Constituition